Aim: Investigating the relationship between land surface temperature and urban land uses can be used for urban management. However, one of the main problems in this field is the low spatial resolution of thermal images. This research aims to evaluate and select the best existing algorithm for achieving a high spatial resolution of thermal images to investigate and analyze changes in land surface temperature in Region 4 of Ahvaz. Material & method: For this purpose, the split window algorithm was used as one of the most common suitable algorithms to calculate land surface temperature, and SFIM and T sharp DisTRADE algorithms in urban areas were applied to improve spatial resolution. Finding: Results show that the spatial resolution of the output image obtained by Split Window, T Sharp DisTRADE, and SFIM algorithms is 30, 100, and 45 meters, respectively. The T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm presented the output images with very good resolution so that different land uses could be separated according to their surface temperature. Split Window and SFIM algorithms did not provide acceptable results in land use evaluation. Also, the average land surface temperature values obtained from T Sharp DisTRADE, Split Window algorithm, and SFIM are equal to 17.5, 23.5, and 28.25 degrees Celsius, respectively. This temperature difference of these algorithms is due to utilizing the fusion process. Conclusion: As a result, T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm was more effective in improving the spatial resolution of thermal images. Innovation: Innovations of this research are: - simultaneous use of three mentioned algorithms for increasing spatial resolution of thermal images and discovering the best algorithm in this field, which has not been investigated in previous research, - improving spatial resolution of thermal images for evaluating urban land uses by using T Sharp DisTRADE algorithm, and detail investigation of surface temperature changes.

The traditional approachof economics is based largely on the wasteful use of natural resources and the lack of attention to future generations' rights to these resources. However, the environmental impacts of such an approach will be irreparable and in order to achieve the sustainable development, it has to be changed. Considering the importance of protecting the environment as well as the need to pay more attention to the sustained growth and development, this study, examines the factors affecting air pollution from the economic and institutional perspectives with a greater focus on the two variables: TRADE openness and the control of corruption index. Researches in the field of environment confirm that there is an inverted U-form relationship between the economic growth and the air pollution. In fact, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) claims that in the first stage of development, pollution grows rapidly; because the rapid growth results in untapped use of natural resources, and therefore the air pollutants generation increases. But at the high levels of development, people value the healthy environment, more effective environmental regulations will be implemented, regulatory institutions become more effective, the economic structure moves toward clean industries, and finally the pollution level declines. Regarding the role of TRADE patterns in the transmission of pollution, from high income economies which have stringent environmental standards to the middle and low income economies that place high levels of production and employment as their top priorities, new models have been proposed that can cover the role of TRADE in the EKC. Two conflicting hypothesis emerge from the debate: the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) and the factor endowment hypothesis (FEH). According to the pollution haven hypothesis, pollution control policy differences across countries drive pollution-intensive industries to the countries with weaker regulations. Another hypothesis, the factor endowment hypothesis (FEH), predicts that rich and developed countries will specialize in polluting goods. Since the abundance of capital supports the production of more capital goods and polluting industries. On the other hand, countries with a lot of workforce and land tend to be more specialized in less polluting sectors. Studies show that with the entry of commercial variables into the discussion, increasing or decreasing of pollution is different depending on the country and the environmental index which is used. It seems that only the entry of economic variables, is not a solution to the problem, because a growing attention of countries will be given to the condition of pollutants and the need to move toward a sustainable development. As a result, they will face the challenge of complying with environmental regulations. Concurrent importance of economic growth, and reducing poverty and unemployment has made some managers to ignore the neglecting of rules by companies. So they can also obtain benefits for themselves through the rents. In this regard, some recent studies have come up with models that apply the effects of institutional factors. Most of these researches have shown that improving the governance, and in particular controlling the level of financial and administrative corruption, play a crucial role in reducing emissions. However, it seems that the quality of the regulatory institutions that can ensure the correct implementation of environmental regulations is less considered in the existing literature. So, using the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) approach in selected countries of three income GROUPS from 1996 to 2011, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of TRADE openness and control of corruption on the particulate matter index. Empirical results indicate that the effect of TRADE openness on air pollution in all three income GROUPS is negative and significant. It means that increasing in TRADE openness will improve the air quality and reduce PM10 emissions. Furthermore, the empirical findings show that with an increase in control of corruption, there is a significant decrease in PM10 emissions in Middle and Low income GROUPS; while this effect is not statistically significant in high income group. Therefore, reducing the level of corruption and combating of corrupt activities will enhance the air quality in Middle and Low income GROUPS. Since the clean air and healthy environment play an important role in the survival of human beings, the results of this study can lead to policies for the sustainable development.

The stated basic goal of regional TRADE organizations (agreements) is reducing tariff barriers and improving welfare at the regional level. But there are serious questions regarding the effect of these agrreements on TRADE in member versus non-member countries If the agreement yields positive TRADE effect in member countries, the phenomenon is called “TRADE creation". If this positive effect comes at the expense of negative effect on non-member countries, the phenomenon is called “TRADE diversion”. TRADE creation is welfare improving, while TRADE diversion is welfare reducing. This paper is an attempt to measure the extent of TRADE diversion and TRADE creation in three Asian organizations, namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Persian Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and ASEAN. The model used is an extended version of the relatively well known gravity model and a total of 26 member countries were considered for data completion purposes over the time span of 2002-2006. The findings reveal an incidence of TRADE diversion in all three cases, implying that TRADE agreements are welfare reducing. JEL Classification: F51, L42.

In this paper, in addition to some elementary facts about the ultra-GROUPS, which their structure based on the properties of the transversal of a subgroup of a group, we focus on the relation between a group and an ultra-group. It is verified that every group is an ultra-group, but the converse is not true generally. We present the conditions under which, for every normal subultra-group of an ultra-group over a group, there exists a normal subgroup of that certain group. Moreover, by proving this feature that a monomorphism in GROUPS preserve the ultra-GROUPS over GROUPS, we show that, corresponding to any monomorphism in GROUPS, there is an ultragroup homomorphism on the subGROUPS of those GROUPS. Finally, we prove isomorphism theorems for ultra-GROUPS. These theorems connect three notions subultra-group, normal subultra-group, quotient ultra-group, and directly, similar to the isomorphism theorems in group theory and module theory are proved.

The process of liberalization and commercialization of agriculture as one of the largest economic sectors, for many developing countries, including issues considered vital in the business world. To achieve this goal, the Social Accounting Matrix 1390 were aggregated into 30 economic sectors and sub-sectors the effects of a liberalization of agriculture and horticulture, animal husbandry, forestry and fishing on the cost of living index for low, medium and high-income rural and urban areas respectively. The results show that, as a result of TRADE liberalization, civic GROUPS to increase rural income GROUPS will experience greater cost.

The expansion of regional TRADE arrangements has been coincided with the growing trend in globalization. The importance of these regional TRADE arrangements have grown to that extent that now many countries in developing region have considered it as an alternative option to integrating into world economy and thus boosting their foreign TRADE and ensuring the mutual gain for the member countries. The very objectives of these regional TRADE arrangements are to reduce tariff barriers and to be the cause of increase in social welfare.But looking at the negotiations that are underway, a question that arise is that whether the formation of such TRADE unions, in particular in developing regions has been in line with the objective of boosting TRADE within member countries? and also whether growth of intra TRADE has brought about growth in TRADE with non member countries or not? If regional TRADE agreements bring about increase in intra TRADE it is the case for TRADE creation but if it comes at the cost of reducing TRADE with non-member countries it is the case for TRADE diversion.TRADE creation works towards the welfare improvement but TRADE diversion causes the loss of welfare. This paper has attempted to measure the TRADE creation and TRADE diversion in regional grouping of countries in Asia. To do so, three known Asian regional organizations namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and association of south East Asian nations (ASEAN) have been selected for this purpose. Towards this ends the paper has utilized an extended version of a relatively well known gravity model to measure TRADE creation and TRADE diversion in these country groupings. Data used in this study covers the period of 2002-2006. The findings of this study indicate that over the period under investigation all the three regions have revealed TRADE diversion.

WTO was established to promote TRADE liberalization as part of the globalization process, but its founders gradually changed mind in XXI century by questioning commitments achieved in the Uruguay Round and Doha Ministerial Conference. President Trump reshaped US TRADE policy by adopting protectionist measures and starting TRADE wars with its TRADE partners. This article intends to respond to the question “ What are the causes of TRADE wars and what would be their implications for the multilateral trading system? ” The hypothesis is that TRADE wars happen either for inequality concerns in TRADE relations or in the sake of more profits with optimal tariffs. The findings of the research are that even stronger economies face difficulties in winning a TRADE war and thus will have little options other than seeking solutions in the multilateral trading system and its institutions, reason for what the world can be optimistic about the future of the multilateral trading system. International TRADE policy makers and business community leaders were preached in the XX century that TRADE liberalization could serve an effective mean to achieve economic growth and prosperity. Industrial countries encouraged developing nations that to become competitive in the global TRADE, to gradually remove TRADE barriers and encourage foreign investors to enter their markets, bring fresh funds and create new employment opportunities.